A Comparative Analysis of the Scholastic Achievement of the Students of Government and Private Secondary Schools in English and Urdu Prose

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mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} This paper is based on a study conducted in 2007 in order to have an analysis of the scholastic achievement of the students of government and private schools in the subject of English and Urdu prose in Tehsil Arifwala (Punjab, Pakistan). The total sample for the study was 280 which was randomly selected. An achievement test was developed for the students. The test was based on multiple choice items, words meanings, matching columns, fill in the blanks and true false statements. The collected data were analyzed by using the statistical techniques of arithmetic means, standard deviation, percentage, z test and co-efficient of correlation. The results of the study showed that overall performance of private schools was better than that of students of government schools. The performance of female students was better in English prose than that of male students. The performance of male students was better in Urdu prose than that of female students.</p

Islamic Feminism: Gender Equity By Deconstructing Tradition

Modernity coupled with Industrial Revolution and raising secularism paved way for a new ensemble of social unity. Individualism that penetrated the core of modern society brought many changes to the application of many pre-modern values like justice, equality and liberty. From such passage from pre-modern to modern world we witness the birth of one of the most influential movements in modern world on the level of social dynamics; Feminism. Feminism started its treatment of women under the banner of secular feminism but soon it died out because of Muslim society’s civilizational context, which was unlike Christianity. Secular feminism feed a catalyst to the contemporary Muslim woman thinkers who later on came up with the more intellectual and academic approach to secular feminism called; Islamic Feminism. Islamic Feminism maidenly raised the question on masculine interpretations of Sacred Text. Inclusion of feminine voice in reinterpretation of the Holy Scripture rendered the underlined meanings of gender which launched a potent discourse on gender equity within the Islamic framework in traditional society. The purpose of this paper is to present the contribution of Islamic Feminism in the exploration of lost reality of Islamic egalitarian society by conducting content analysis

Expressions of biomarkers in MCF7 Breast and Colon Cancer Cell Lines

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death which accounts for 13% of total deaths, worldwide.&nbsp; Colorectal and Breast cancer fall under main categories according to World Health Organisation (WHO) cancer facts sheet 1. The need to understand the expression of clinical biomarkers in breast cancer and colon cancer is necessary for diagnosis and therapeutic response. In this article, the expressions of histone H1 and TP53 biomarkers were established for four different colon cancer cell lines and compared with the expressions of MCF7 cell line. The results show varied expression of Histone H1 along with TP53 markers among the cell lines. The results suggest that the linker Histone H1 has shown nuclear localization in HCT 116p53 wt (wild type) cancer cell line whereas it has shown cytoplasmic distribution in the respective null type cell line with intense expression. The result also suggests that a localized distribution in HRA19 cells and a diffused distribution in SNU-C2B cell line. These established results were compared with the expression of the biomarkers in MCF7 in order to get a better understanding. Keywords: Tumour Proteins, p53, H1, MCF-7 cell, HCT116, HRA19

CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTI-NEOPLASTIC POTENTIAL OF PHYTOFABRICATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON HUMAN BREAST CANCER CELL LINE (MCF-7)

Objective: The surging cancer incidence has necessitated the synthesis, characterization and production of green synthesized silver nanoparticles and its effective use. The present study was carried out to assess the antineoplastic potential of the green synthesized silver nanoparticles against breast cancer cell lines. Methods: The rapid biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles was done using Withania somnifera, Aegle marmelos and Taraxacum officinale. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) analysis. Further, the antineoplastic potential of the green synthesized nanoparticles were assessed by MTT assay at an ascending concentration of 25, 50, 100, 250, 500μg/ml against MCF-7 (Breast) cancer cell lines. Results: The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, EDX and FTIR analysis which confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles and were of irregular shape with a size of 26 nm, 18 nm, 94 nm, and its IC50 value was 251.2563±0.59µg/ml, 215.5172±0.41µg/ml and 205.7613±0.37µg/ml for Aegle marmelos, Taraxacum officinale and Withania somnifera respectively against MCF-7 cells. Conclusion: The investigation unveils the fact that phytofabricated AgNPs could be exploited as an effective antineoplastic agent for further medical and pharmaceutical applications

Afghan Refugees in Pakistan and Syrian Refugees in European Union: A Comparative Analysis

Displaced persons are Refugees, cross borders under coercion by force, leave motherland and difficult to return safely to home of parents. Root word is ‘refuge’ from which ‘refugee’ is derived, it means hiding and shelter from danger. Pakistan is not signatory of Refugee Convention 1951 but member of the United Nations (UN). Afghan refugees are living in Pakistan for approximately four decades, the Government of Pakistan provides favorable treatment and atmosphere to Afghan Refugees in Pakistan. Resultantly, Pakistan has been suffering terrorism, political instability, and economic dropdown though after left of Unites States of America (USA) in 2021, many more Afghan Refugees are expected to migrate to Pakistan. International Community is required to work and ensure peace and stability in Afghanistan in order to ensure returning back of Afghan Refugees to their parent’s home safely and work for stability and peace of Afghanistan and the region so that they live there peacefully. According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ (UDHR) article 14: everybody has freedom and right to enjoy, seek asylum from persecution in other countries. Asylum right not invoked if (i) genuinely arising prosecutions from non-political crimes, or (ii) acts repugnant to principles and purposes of United Nations, and Convention Relating to Status of Refugee signed in 1951 under United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). There are 145 signatories currently to Refugee Convention 1951 but Pakistan has not yet acceded to Refugee Convention 1951. According to Refugee Convention 1951 preamble: freedom under fundamental rights enjoyed by human beings under Charter of the UN and UDHR without discrimination. The UN has assured efforts to expand freedom under fundamental rights to refugees. Communitarian Critique research methodology is deployed to help understand issues of refugees. Qualitative methodology is used while conducting this research, an analytical and comparative methods to analyze and compare Government of Pakistan’s treatment of Afghan refugees in Pakistan approximately for 4 decades as compare to Syrian Refugees’ treatment by European Union (EU). The largest populated migrants refugee country of the world for 4 decades is Pakistan, approximately 5 million Afghan nationals migrated to Pakistan during Cold War and approximately around 1.3 million still living in Pakistan and they are not willing to go back to Afghanistan specially after withdrawal of USA in 2021. The International Community is required, requested, and suggested to wish, help, and endeavor to build up economies of Afghanistan and Pakistan and try to strengthen stability and peace so that remaining Afghan nationals who are living as refugees in Pakistan can go back to their motherland safely, happily, and live there peacefully

EFFECT OF SPORTS PARTICIPATION ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS AT SECONDARY LEVEL IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS OF QUETTA, PAKISTAN

The importance of school environment in to of students in secondary schools today in particular cannot be overemphasized. Participation in sport reduces the time off the classroom and shifts the student's attention from the study. They added that it was not probable for students to attain superiority and gratification in sports as well as in schooling. Researchers showed that extracurricular (sport and physical) activity participation was positively related to Grade Point Average, educational aspirations, educational /occupational attainment, and standardized achievement test scores. This study was done in different government and Private high schools comprised of both genders i.e., male and female from Quetta city were included as papulation in this research. Questionnaire responses were recorded to analyze sports impact on education. Most of respondents 49 (42.2%) strongly agreed on participation in sports activities has a link with academic's achievements. Current findings showed respondents were agreed on students participating in sports activities get good marks than those not participating in sports activities which is consistent with findings where they observed contribution in school sports, solely with other additional actions, is related with higher levels of psychosocial functioning and strong conduct than participation in other supplementary doings alone or nonparticipation. Participation in these activities improves mental development or cognition of students, grade point average and test scores. These activities have a positive effect on the memory and concentration of students in education. Key words: Sports, Participation, Academic Performance, Secondar

Vibrational spectroscopy to monitor controlled drug release from hydrophilic matrices

Approximately 40% of drugs currently marketed and 90% of all drugs under development show poor and varied aqueous solubility at the different pH values encountered along the gastrointestinal tract. The pH-dependent release profile exhibited by these drugs often leads to poor bioavailability and ultimately means that many do not make it to licence. To mitigate against this and to inform future drug development, it is important to understand the dissolution behaviour of these types of drugs at a molecular level. This thesis explores the use of ATR-FTIR imaging to gain an insight into the within-tablet dynamics of a sparingly soluble, weakly basic drug that has been incorporated into a hydrophilic matrix. This approach provides a chemical insight into the nature of drug, polymer matrix, excipients and water in a formulation undergoing dynamic changes including ionisation, dissolution, hydration, swelling and particle dislocation. Specifically, this work uses tablets manufactured using an HPMC polymer matrix incorporating 20% w/w itraconazole as the model drug which has a pKa of 3.7 and is practically insoluble at pH 7, both with and without the addition of the organic acid modifiers (citric acid, betaine HCl, cysteine HCl and glycine HCl) to control the local pH. In placebo HPMC tablets, ATR-FTIR imaging, supplemented by optical imaging, showed that hydration and swelling was independent of the pH of the media. However, when the ionic strength of the hydrating medium was adjusted, rapid formation of the gel layer was observed at low ionic strength, while increased ionic strength was shown to interfere with HPMC hydration, resulting in the suppression of the expansion of the gel layer. Hydration and dissolution studies conducted on HPMC tablets loaded with 20% w/w IT were limited to the use of low ionic strength media only. From the dissolution studies, the release of IT from these tablets was shown to be significantly greater at pH 1.5 when compared with that at pH 7. Optical measurements showed that the swelling of 20% w/w IT loaded HPMC tablets was greater at pH 1.5 over the period of the hydration in comparison to the pH 7 environment. ATR-FTIR imaging data revealed that at pH 1.5 the IT was ionised, becoming soluble and there was evidence of IT particle translocation into the diffusion front and eventually out into the surrounding medium. However, at pH 7, the IT remained in the free base form, largely within the tablet core and the swelling front, with less evidence of IT particle translocation. From both the optical measurements and ATR-FTIR imaging studies, it was shown that the swelling capacity of the gel layer in IT loaded tablets was reduced at pH 7 in comparison to pH 1.5 indicating that the poor solubility of IT retarded hydration. Exploring the impact of organic pH modifiers on the release of IT from the HPMC matrix at a 10% w/w and 30% w/w loading, enhanced dissolution at pH 7 of the IT was observed in comparison to tablets without any modifier. From both the optical imaging and ATRFTIR imaging data, the gel layer expansion was shown to be greater at higher pH modifier loading for all systems. However, the magnitude of swelling differed between the modifier systems over the hydration period and a greater amount of swelling was observed with the betaine HCl and citric acid in comparison to the cysteine HCl and glycine HCl. The results indicated that, of the organic acid modifiers selected, tablets containing cysteine HCl provided the greatest enhancement of release of IT. These findings were consistent with the ATR-FTIR imaging results, where the greatest reduction in the intensity of the spectral band assigned to the free base form of IT, was also observed in tablets containing the cysteine HCl modifier

Development And Implication Of Gender And Women’s Studies Curriculum At Public Universities Of Punjab

In mid of the twentieth century, feminist movement commenced the discipline of women’s studies to encounter the Ideological critique; a theoretical framework lacking laborious struggle. This study is based on curriculum development and concepts, which were discussed in the process of curriculum making of Gender and Women’s studies in the Punjab. This study aimed to explore the process of curriculum development at graduation and post-graduation level with details of its updating, reading trends in students, teaching methodologies, and inclination of students towards research areas. A qualitative method of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used. The data was collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews from 15 participants. The interviewee included the head of Gender Studies Departments and faculty members of 6 universities and 1 college of the Punjab province of Pakistan. The data analysis indicated that each academic institution has similar process of curriculum development involving faculty, the Board of Studies and Academic Council. Curriculum is being revised on ongoing basis. In most of the departments, participatory and interactive teaching methods are being used. Reading habits are not greatly instilled among students. This research intended to trace out the locale of formative phase of main themes and fibers of courses in relation with indigenous gender tendencies. The study has suggested that acute involvement of development sector should be promised which will stage the local gender issues and will also open up a maiden window to academic side in the formulation of a more congenial and endemic syllabus

Epistaxis: comparison of chemical cautery with topical vasoconstrictor in adult anterior epistaxis

Background: To compare efficacy of 75% silver nitrate chemical cautery as opposed to topical vasoconstrictor spray (xylometazoline 0.1%) in adult anterior epistaxis.Methods: This randomized controlled trial study was carried out at SMHS Hospital Srinagar from Jan 2019 to Dec 2019. 110 subjects that presented to ENT &amp; HNS emergency with epistaxis and fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected. Subjects were randomly distributed into two groups. Group-A individuals were treated by cauterization with 75% silver nitrate and Group-B individuals were treated with topical vasoconstrictor spray (xylometazoline 0.1%). All the subjects were reviewed at 1 month and success was determined in terms of control of epistaxis from same side of nose.Results: The mean age of the cohort was 48.5yrs (age range, 17-59). There were total 60 (54.4%) males and 50 (45.4%) females among the cases. Both the groups were comparable as regards the age, sex, duration and frequency of epistaxis. 91.2% cases in Group-A (silver nitrate cautery) and 73.5% cases in Group-B (xylometazoline spray 0.1%) had no further epistaxis at one-month follow-up (p=0.014).Conclusions: Chemical cauterization with silver nitrate is a feasible and safe technique for the treatment of adult anterior epistaxis and is more effective than topical vasoconstrictor spray